India is an influential agricultural powerhouse worldwide, having farmers and all related workers as its backbone. Like many other sectors, the agricultural landscape also faces decades-long problems and unexpected challenges that are crucial to rectify. Let’s discuss some of the main issues farmers face in India and the best possible solutions.
VOl.2 Issue 1, January, 2023
Content
01
Dr. Abhay Kumar Meena
Sub Involution of Placental Sites (SIPS) in bitches – Its Diagnosis and Treatment
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SIPS is the exudation of sero sanguinous, non-inflammatory vulvar discharge beyond the normal postpartum lochial period i.e., more than three weeks postpartum. SIPS occurs when the uterine involution process is delayed.
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Sub-involution of placental sites (SIPS) is a disorder which generally occurs in she dogs of younger than 3 years of age after the First whelping when normal healing of site of placenta where foetuses attached to the endometrium does not occur and is characterised by freshly discharged blood from the vulva from several weeks to months’ post-partum (Kumar et al., 2018).
02
Dr. Rakesh Kumar and Dr. R.K Asrani
Pathology and prevention of diseases caused by fungi and their metabolites
Fungus is a eukaryotic organism, which includes yeasts, mold and mushrooms. Fungal cell wall contains ergosterol, polysaccharides and not peptidoglycans. The respiratory system, nervous system and eyes the most common sites infected by the fungus. The most common fungal diseases reported in poultry includes Aspergillus, Candida, etc. However, fungal infections such as histoplasmosis and cryptococcosis are more important fungal species as far as zoonosis is concerned, but these mycotic problems are not very common in birds. A list of fungal diseases in poultry birds is depicted in Table. No. 1
03
S.S. Sengar, Rajpal Diwakar and Rishi Kant
Goat Milk: Miracle for human – A Review
Milk has been an important source of food for man since the dawn of civilization and regarded as an ideal food from nutritional point of view milk is nature’s the most nearly perfect food. It provides all the nutrient elements, essential for the human nourishment, it contains high quality proteins, lactose, and flavor enriching fat, essential fatty acids, vitally essential amino acids, mineral, and vitamins in well balanced form in an easily digestible and assailable form. Transforming the milk into milk products have been developed from prehistoric times and practiced even today. The non-bovine annual milk production including the caprine stands at 133 million tons, representing more than 17% of total milk output worldwide. Goat milk is the most significant contributor in terms of production with 13.5% of the total output. Besides many beneficial effects of goat milk, the advantages of breeding goats, such as the lower cost of animals, the need for less feed and water, and often not requiring the specialized housing that larger livestock need, are reasons to promote the improvement of goat milk production worldwide. Goat milk do possess unique biologically active properties, such as high digestibility, distinct alkalinity, high buffering capacity, and certain therapeutic values in medicine and human nutrition. Goat milk has been highly recommended as an substitute for cow milk, suffering from the allergy by the later. Goat milk has high amounts of conjugated linoleic acids playing important roles in immune stimulation, growth promotion, and disease prevention.
04
Kumar et al
Lumpy Skin Disease: A Review
Lumpy skin disease is a disease caused by the capri pox virus belonging to the family pox viridae. The disease has recently created havoc in the livestock sector by causing high mortality in cattle. This disease was first reported in India on 18th of November, 2019 in Odisha. The disease was responsible for great economic loss in terms of mortality, decreased milk production and other dairy products. The diagnosis of the disease was carried out by viral isolation and confirmation was made using different molecular techniques such as the fluorescent antibody test, polymerase chain reaction, ELISA and other techniques. The treatment protocol followed consisted of the conventional and ethno-veterinary approach as per the guidelines of the national dairy development board (NDDB). Through different approaches, efforts were made to control the transmission of the virus and improve the health of the livestock.
05
Mohale et al
Mangrove restoration: Novel technique to growing new mangrove plants in degraded areas of India
Mangrove restoration has drawn a lot of interest globally for a number of reasons. First, numerous mangrove locations throughout the world have shown the ecological and environmental benefits of mangrove forests. Second, mangrove forests' natural resources are heavily relied upon for subsistence. Additionally, there have been significant losses of mangroves all over the world, which has resulted in coastal erosion, a drop in fish stocks, and other environmental effects, some of which require immediate care. Last but not least, governments around the globe are demonstrating their commitment to the sustainable use of mangrove ecosystems. The activities of mangrove restoration and management are discussed in this article. The ecology, structure, and operation of the mangrove ecosystem have all been the subject of much research. Mangrove forests continue to be over-exploited, turned into aquaculture ponds, and polluted throughout the world as well as India because the findings have not been integrated into a management framework. We fervently contend that connections should be made between research and sustainably managed mangrove ecosystems.
06
Mohale et al
फोटोबियोरिएक्टि तकनीक में सूक्ष्म शैवाल की खेती से िायोडीजल उत्पादन
ग्रीनहाउस प्रभाव गैसों के उत्ससर्ान के कारण वैप्ववक तापमान में ननरंतर वृद्धर्, मुख्य रूप से कार्ान डाइऑक्साइड (CO2) ज्यादातर मानवर्ननत गनतषवधर्यों र्ैसे कक र्ीवावम ईंर्न के र्लने के कारण, र्ैव ईंर्न र्ैसे वैकप्पपक और नवीकरणीय ईंर्न की खोर् का नेतृत्सव ककया है। र्ैव ईंर्न र्लने के दौरान उत्ससप्र्ात CO2 और र्ायोमास के गठन के दौरान र्ाद में अवशोिण के र्ीच एक स्थायी चक्र प्रस्तुत करते हैं। र्ायोएथेनॉल और र्ायोडीर्ल र्ैसे र्ैव ईंर्न क्रमशः गैसोलीन और डीर्ल के वैकप्पपक षवकपप हैं और कच्चे माल के कई पारंपररक नवीकरणीय स्रोत हैं। र्ायोडीर्ल के उत्सपादन के ललए कच्चा माल तेल और वसा पर आर्ाररत होता है, र्ो वनस्पनत मूल (सोयार्ीन, मूंगफली, कपास और सूरर्मुखी तेल), पशु मूल (मछली का तेल, र्ीफ चर्ी, धचकन से लाडा और वसा) या अवलशष्ट तलने का हो सकता है। तेल और वसा, खाद्य श्ृंखला के ललए प्रनतर्द्र् सभी स्रोत। सूक्ष्म शैवाल उच्च गनत (एक सनताह से भी कम) में र्ढ़ते हैं, छोटे क्षेत्रीय क्षेत्रों को षवकलसत करने की आववयकता होती है, उच्च प्रकाश संवलेिक दक्षता पेश करते हैं और पररणामस्वरूप, वायुमंडलीय CO2 का अच्छा अवशोिण होता है। वे षवकलसत करने के ललए घरेलू और औद्योधगक अपलशष्टों का उपयोग कर सकते हैं (स्वच्छ पानी की आववयकता नहीं है), इस प्रकार र्ायोडीर्ल के उत्सपादन के ललए एक आशार्नक कच्चे माल के रूप में खडे हैं।
07
Shashank et al
Lameness and Its Dietary Management in animals
Lameness is one of the most important and economically demanding diseases in livestock, manifested with change in locomotion and associated with not only a welfare problem, but also affect production and profit. Nutrition as one of the important predisposing factors causing lameness in animals. The review focus on incidence and dietary management of lameness in livestock. Excessive grain and/or concentrate feeding and high ratio of non-fiber carbohydrate to neutral detergent fiber affects the gastro-intestinal functioning result in lameness. Besides, high dietary protein content, vitamin and mineral deficiencies/ imbalances and some anti-nutritional factors are other dietary causes leading to lameness in animals Feeding management is perhaps the single most effective means to reduce the occurrence of lameness in animals as a sustainable strategy.
08
Happy and Kannoj
Indoor Plants for Cutting Down the Air Temperature and Improving the Air Condition
Humans have a close relationship with nature, so integrating nature into indoor space could effectively increase people’s engagement with nature, which in turn may benefit their health and comfort. Humans spend 80 to 90% of their time indoors; thus, the inside area of the house or office plays an essential role in our health and wellness. Modern-day impervious sealed constructions keep away noise pollution and heat at the cost of fresh air in the indoor environment through reduced air exchange. In Northern India, the temperature goes up to 48 ºC, by which heat makes the indoor climate worst with the challenge of humidity. Low humidity level enhances the susceptibility of infections like viral fevers; on the other hand, higher than optimum levels also have impacts on human health.
09
Shashank et al
Nutrition is one of the most important aspects for management of either natural or surgical wounds and is often overlooked as an issue in Veterinary patients handling. Malnutrition is well identified risk factor for recovery must be identified and should be corrected pre-operatively. Attention to basic nutrition and provision of adequate supplements will help to cure chronic wounds. In 1932, Cuthbertson defined the concept of peripheral to visceral redistribution of metabolic substrates as part of adaptive mechanism to heal wounds in critically ill trauma patients. Nutrients required in the body in minute quantities such as vitamins and trace elements are known as micro-nutrients. These minerals are often referred to as trace elements. Certain minerals, such as calcium, magnesium and phosphorus, which are present in large quantities in the bone and other tissues, are included in the category macro minerals. One of the most common functions of trace elements and certain macro minerals, is to serve as cofactors for enzymatic reactions (Teitelbaum et al., 2005).
10
Reshma P
Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.): The untapped multipurpose plant for future
There are many medicinal plants in nature that have not been scientifically investigated and roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) belonging to the family Malvaceae, is one among them. The unique feature of roselle is that it has some potential use for all the parts such as leaves, stems, flower buds, calyces, roots, and seeds. Various plant parts have been used in folk medicine as a diuretic, mild laxative, and treatment for cardiac and nerve diseases. Other medicinal properties attributed to roselle include antiseptic, antibacterial, aphrodisiac, astringent, cholagogue, demulcent, digestive, purgative, emollient, antiscorbutic, anticancer, antipyretic, etc. It is a natural antioxidant supplement due to its high vitamin C and organic acid content. The young leaves and stems of roselle are consumed as leafy vegetables and the calyces are used in the preparation of hot and cold beverages, jam, jelly, beverage, ice cream, butter, sauces, marmalade, candy, pickles, curry, condiment, vinegar, tea, etc as they are rich in calcium, phosphorous and iron. Roselle is a natural colourant for food, beverages, and pharmaceutical products due to its water-soluble anthocyanin pigments. The stems and branches are extensively used for the production of bast fibers, which are just next to jute fibers. Seeds are pounded into meals, added to cereals, or roasted as a coffee replacement and the seed oil is edible and an ingredient in paints. Roselle is an attractive ornamental plant too, used for its decorative red stalks with ripe red fruits. Thus, roselle is a future plant with many nutraceuticals, cosmeceuticals, pharmaceuticals, and industrial applications, but still, it is an underutilized plant in India. Most studies in India concentrated on fiber yield and quality. It would be prudent to investigate the uses of this untapped multipurpose plant in the future.
1
Ram and Nimgaonkar
Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.): The untapped multipurpose plant for future
India has been a predominantly an agrarian economy since time immemorial. The developmental efforts over the last few decades have been doubtlessly strengthened our industrial base. However, agriculture continues to be the mainstay of our economy even today. In India, keeping milch animals has been never a separate occupation from agriculture. Thus, rural economy is closely tied up with milch animals. Dairying plays a crucial role in the economy of our country. It helps in augmenting food supply, generating employment and raising nutritional level. It is a major source of income to the small and marginal farmers. The major advantage of dairy farming is its minimum land dependency and resource flexibility. Global consumption, production, and trade of livestock products have increased rapidly in the last two decades and are expected to continue.
12
Ram and Nimgaonkar
Harnessing Potential of Livestock Sector for Food Safety And Financial Security
India has been a predominantly an agrarian economy since time immemorial. The developmental efforts over the last few decades have been doubtlessly strengthened our industrial base. However, agriculture continues to be the mainstay of our economy even today. In India, keeping milch animals has been never a separate occupation from agriculture. Thus, rural economy is closely tied up with milch animals. Dairying plays a crucial role in the economy of our country. It helps in augmenting food supply, generating employment and raising nutritional level. It is a major source of income to the small and marginal farmers. The major advantage of dairy farming is its minimum land dependency and resource flexibility. Global consumption, production, and trade of livestock products have increased rapidly in the last two decades and are expected to continue.
12
Nimgaonkar and Ram
National and International Standards for Meat and Meat Products
Regulation of the quality of meat placed in trade is essential to ensure uniformity in quality; and pricing of meat and meat products based on their quality, Microbial standards are necessary to ensure safe meat is made available to consumers. A microbial specification is a microbiological criterion that is applied as a condition of acceptance for a food or ingredient by a food manufacturer.
13
Vijayreddy and Reddy
Millets And Its Importance
The name millet comes from the French word mille which means thousands of seed grains. Millets are a group of small seeded grasses belongs to the family Poaceae and serves as an important grain and fodder crop. They are being utilized as a staple food in many under developing and developing countries, especially having dryland agriculture.